Glaucoma

Glaucoma is an eye disease caused by elevated intraocular pressure. The pressure in the eye is regulated by aqueous humor, and when its production is imbalanced with drainage, intraocular pressure rises. This leads to damage of the optic nerve fibers and the optic disc, resulting in a narrowing of the visual field and, eventually, vision loss. Generally, normal intraocular pressure should range between 5-21 mmHg. A pressure greater than 21 mmHg is considered elevated and is a significant risk factor for glaucoma. Glaucoma is most common in the elderly and is the second leading cause of blindness, after cataracts.

Types of Glaucoma

Primary Open Angle Glaucoma is the most common form of glaucoma. It occurs when the drainage system in the eye, located at the angle of the eye, becomes blocked. This obstruction affects the normal circulation of aqueous humor, leading to increased intraocular pressure, which ultimately damages the optic nerve.
Angle-Closure Glaucoma occurs when the iris blocks the drainage angle, preventing the aqueous humor from circulating properly. This leads to a sudden rise in intraocular pressure.
Secondary Glaucoma is caused by other underlying conditions, such as cataracts, uveitis, eye trauma, prolonged use of steroid eye drops, diabetic retinopathy, retinal vein occlusion, or after certain eye surgeries.
Congenital Glaucoma is most commonly found in infants, typically in the first year of life. It results from abnormal development of the eye’s drainage system during fetal development around the 7th month. It is inherited genetically. The condition is characterized by abnormally large eyes, light sensitivity, corneal clouding, or excessive tearing. If left untreated, congenital glaucoma can lead to blindness.

Risk Factors for Glaucoma

Age over 40 years
Family history of glaucoma
Elevated intraocular pressure
Previous eye injury
Use of steroid medications
Other risk factors, such as high or low refractive error, thin corneas, diabetes, and migraines

Glaucoma is a leading cause of permanent vision loss, but it can be controlled and treated to prevent blindness if detected early. Therefore, individuals over the age of 45 should undergo an eye examination at least once a year, especially those with risk factors for glaucoma. The treatment for glaucoma depends on the type, severity, and cause of the condition. An ophthalmologist will determine the most appropriate treatment plan to achieve the best outcomes for the patient.